Heart failure is a condition where the heart fails to pump and circulate an adequate supply of blood to meet the requirements of the body. The muscles of the heart become less efficient. Oct 14, 2014 Heart and blood vessel disease (also called heart disease) includes numerous problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most ethnicities in the United States, including African Americans, Hispanics, and whites. For American Indians or Alaska Natives and Asians or Pacific Islanders, heart disease is second only to cancer. Pathophysiology of Rheumatic Heart Disease. When the heart muscles are affected by inflammation, the result is myocarditis. Pericarditis occurs when there is inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart, and endocarditis happens when the inner layer of the heart is involved in the inflammatory process.
It will restart the endpoint when the scan is complete. The scan is performed outside of the usual Windows operating environment. The Windows Defender Offline scan takes about 15 minutes to run. Download windows defender updates offline.
PMID: 13987657
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic and progressive form of damage to the heart valves resulting in dysfunction of the heart. It is a complication of an autoimmune disorder called acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which is in turn precipitated by group A streptococcal infections of the throat. Streptococcus pyogenes. Autoimmunity and RHD. Heart disease. Heart disease, any disorder of the heart. Examples include coronary heart disease, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary heart disease, as well as rheumatic heart disease ( see rheumatic fever ), hypertension, inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) or of its inner or outer membrane ( endocarditis, pericarditis).
Abstract
The distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with ischemic heart disease is extensive, and involves at least two major coronary arteries. Thrombosis, occlusion by atheromatous debris and, infrequently, internal hemorrhage may produce final closure of the coronary artery. The anatomy of the coronary vessels, localization of occlusion, recanalization, the extent of intercoronary anastomoses and the physiological demands of the myocardium all affect the ultimate clinical expression of the basic occlusive process.
Full text
Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (901K), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Links to PubMed are also available for Selected References.
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- BLUMGART HL, ZOLL PM, KURLAND GS. Discussion of direct relief of coronary occlusion: the antomic pathologic problem. Arch Intern Med. 1959 Dec;104:862–869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ENOS WF, HOLMES RH, BEYER JC. Pathology of coronary arteriosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1962 Mar;9:343–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CRAWFORD T, DEXTER D, TEARE RD. Coronary-artery pathology in sudden death from myocardial ischaemia. A comparison by age-groups. Lancet. 1961 Jan 28;1(7170):181–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BRANWOOD AW, MONTGOMERY GL. Observations on the morbid anatomy of coronary artery disease. Scott Med J. 1956 Dec;1(12):367–375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SZILAGYI DE, McDONALD RT, FRANCE LC. The applicability of angioplastic procedures in coronary atherosclerosis: an estimate through postmortem injection studies. Ann Surg. 1958 Sep;148(3):447–461.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- PATERSON JC. Factors in the production of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1952 Nov;6(5):732–739. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MORRIS JN, CRAWFORD MD. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work; evidence of a national necropsy survey. Br Med J. 1958 Dec 20;2(5111):1485–1496.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- STRONG JP, McGILL HC., Jr The natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1962 Jan;40:37–49.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BLUMGART HL, ZOLL PM, WESSLER S. Angina pectoris, a clinical pathologic study of 177 cases. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1950;63:262–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
- Supplementary Materials
Articles from Canadian Medical Association Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Medical Association
Heart disease risk rises for everyone as they age, but for women symptoms can become more evident after the onset of menopause.
Menopause does not cause cardiovascular diseases. However, certain risk factors increase around the time of menopause and a high-fat diet, smoking or other unhealthy habits begun earlier in life can also take a toll, said Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a cardiologist and an American Heart Association volunteer.
“Menopause isn’t a disease. It’s a natural phase of a woman’s life cycle,” Dr. Goldberg said. “It’s important for women, as they approach menopause, to really take stock of their health.”
On average, the onset of menopause, when menstrual periods permanently stop, occurs around age 54, said Dr. Goldberg, medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center for Women’s Health at New York University Langone Medical Center.
More than one in three female adults has some form of cardiovascular disease. An overall increase in heart attacks among women is seen about 10 years after menopause. Heart disease is the leading killer of women(link opens in new window).
Estrogen Levels May Play a Role
A decline in the natural hormone estrogen may be a factor in heart disease increase among post-menopausal women. Estrogen is believed to have a positive effect on the inner layer of artery wall, helping to keep blood vessels flexible. That means they can relax and expand to accommodate blood flow.
Despite the benefits of estrogen, the American Heart Association recommends against using postmenopausal hormone therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease or stroke because some studies have shown it appears to not reduce the risk.
Estrogen decline isn’t the only reason women face a higher cardiovascular disease risk after reaching menopause, Dr. Goldberg said.
“We’re trying to figure the rest of it out,” she said.
Assorted changes in the body occur with menopause. Blood pressure starts to go up. LDL cholesterol, or “bad” cholesterol, tends to increase while HDL, or “good” cholesterol declines or remains the same. Triglycerides, certain types of fats in the blood, also increase.
Etiology Of Heart Disease
Strive for Heart Health
If you’ve followed a healthy lifestyle and continue doing so at menopause, your risk for heart disease and stroke is lower. Family history also contributes to your risk.
Women should take care of their heart through regular exercise and good nutrition and by eliminating unhealthy habits like smoking, which may contribute to early menopause, increase the risk of blood clots, decrease the flexibility of arteries and lower the levels of HDL cholesterol, Dr. Goldberg said.
To get the nutrients you need, the American Heart Association recommends eating a dietary pattern that emphasizes:
- fruits, vegetables,
- whole grains,
- low-fat dairy products,
- poultry, fish and nuts,
- while limiting red meat and sugary foods and beverages.
Women should aim for at least 150 minutes of physical activity each week to help prevent heart disease, and 300 minutes or more weekly for a significant weight loss program, depending on individual needs. Walking, cycling, dancing or swimming — activities that use larger muscles at low resistance — are good aerobic exercises, said Dr. Goldberg. And, she advised, don’t worry about how you look while exercising or whether you have fashionable workout clothes.
Pathophysiology Of Heart Disease Book
“You have to get over that,” she said, adding: “Do the activity that works for you.”
Learn more: